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By:| Last Updated: 2013-05-30|| Related Tips:|| > Problem You work in a shop that puts business or application logic in the SQL Server using stored procedures, views and functions to return values to the calling applications or perform tasks. This is not unusual in companies that use the SQL Server layer to perform business tasks, such as finance operations, or incorporate application functionality into the programmability layer. You wish to preserve secrecy on some procedures, views or functions in order to maintain security. Solution SQL Server stored procedures, views and functions are able to use the WITH ENCRYPTION option to disguise the contents of a particular procedure or function from discovery. The contents are not able to be scripted using conventional means in SQL Server Management Studio; nor do the definitions appear in the definition column of sys.sql_modules. The mse file extension is related to 3D Studio Max (3ds Max), a 3D rendering and modeling software for Microsoft Windows. The mse file contains encrypted. MAX’S VOICE I don’t believe in heaven, but I have this idea about it. Something I heard in a song. FADE IN: White. A pristine, empty frame. Clean and peaceful. MAX’S VOICE Heaven is a place where nothing ever happens. There’s gentle motion in the blank frame, like swirling 16mm. This allows the cautious DBA to keep stored procedures and functions securely in source control and protecting the intellectual property contained therein. This tip will focus on encrypting and decrypting a user-defined function. Encrypting a UDF To encrypt a user-defined function, simply add WITH ENCRYPTION to the CREATE FUNCTION statement (after the RETURNS element). Throughout this tip, I will be building an encrypted UDF (and decrypting it) to demonstrate the principle. First, create the UDF. Here's mine - it's a simple module that accepts an input string and returns the encrypted varbinary hash value. There are two vital pieces of information here that MUST NOT be given away to the user of the function - the encryption standard, and the salt. CREATE FUNCTION dbo.getHash ( @inputString VARCHAR(20) ) RETURNS VARBINARY(8000) AS BEGIN DECLARE @salt VARCHAR(32) DECLARE @outputHash VARBINARY(8000) SET @salt = '9CE08BE9AB824EEF8ABDF4EBCC8ADB19' SET @outputHash = HASHBYTES('SHA2_256', (@inputString + @salt)) RETURN @outputHash END GO In this example the salt is fixed and an attacker, given the encryption standard (SHA-256) and the salt, could be able to decrypt the hash into plaintext. We can view the definition of a function by finding it in SQL Server Management Studio, right-clicking and scripting out the function. SELECT definition FROM sys.sql_modules WHERE definition LIKE ('%getHash%') There is some protection built in; by using role-based security or sensibly allowing the least required privileges to users, the attack surface can be lessened as the VIEW DEFINITION permission is required (or ownership of the function) in SQL Server 2005 upwards. Note in earlier versions, this permission is not required. The user may also have the permission granted implicitly by holding other permissions on the object. (See 'Metadata Visibility Configuration' at for more detail). We can amend the function definition like so. I'm using an undocumented stored procedure here called fn_varbintohex to convert the VARBINARY output from my function into a hexadecimal format, for portability between applications and clarity - it's not directly relevant to this example. Normally the VARBINARY output of HASHBYTES is passed directly to the calling application. ![]() ![]() Decrypting a Function Firstly, open a Dedicated Administrator Connection (DAC) to SQL Server. Using SQL Server Management Studio, this is easily done by prefixing admin: to the connection string upon connection of a query window. Note that the DAC can only be used if you are logged onto the server and using a client on that server, and if you hold the sysadmin role. You can also get to it by using SQLCMD with the -A option. Note: DAC won't work unless you're using TCP/IP; you'll get this rather cryptic error (in both SQLCMD and SSMS). Sqlcmd: Error: Microsoft SQL Server Native Client 11.0: Client unable to establish connection because an error was encountered during handshakes before login. Common causes include client attempting to connect to an unsupported version of SQL Server, server too busy to accept new connections or a resource limitation (memory or maximum allowed connections) on the server. If you can't access the server directly for whatever reason, you can enable remote administrative connections (a remote DAC) as follows. You'll still need to use TCP/IP.
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